Thursday 11 July 2013

MACROECONOMICS part 2

Export levels is a factor that directly affects the GDP of a country. If the export level increases the net export increases as well. This causes the overall GDP to increase which is a good thing. Here is an article that indicates the decrease in export levels inn Malaysia for the month of May:
                                                                                

May exports lower than expected

PETALING JAYA: Exports for the month of May slumped 5.8% year-on-year to RM55.37bil on lower shipments of palm oil, crude petroleum as well as electrical and electronic products.

The decline was lower than economists’ median expectations of a 3% drop, following the 3.3% fall in April exports.

This marks the fourth month of decline in exports for the year.


From the article we know that the export levels have dropped so this would cause a direct decrease in the countries GDP. A low GDP means that the countries income levels are very low as well as the employment. This problem can also be addressed and the GDP can be improved.

Written by : Umeshshanker Thulasaidas

CASE STUDY OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND IN THE LABOUR MARKET


Economists generally like to see supply and demand determine prices. When there is a shortage of an item then the price is supposed to rise. At higher prices the supply increases and the demand falls, this eliminates the shortage. 


For some reason this simple logic was altogether absent from a Washington Post article that was headlined "Germany struggles with skilled labour shortage, shrinking population." Surprisingly there wasn't any mentions about increasing wages. Instead it talks about efforts to bring in foreign workers. 



The below link will provide you further information about the topic. 




Apparently Germany might be suffering from the same problem that is often the subject of news stories in the United States : "Managers who don't know how to raise wages". The media have frequently reported on businesses who complain that they cannot find qualified workers. Since there are very few occupations where real wages have  been rising in the last five years, it seems that few people who run businesses understand how labor markets work

Written by : Brandon Yap

MACROECONOMICS part 1

GDP is the most common term used when we talk about the economy of the country. It basically measures the total market value of all final goods and services produced within the nation’s geographical boundary during a given period of time.  The total market value means the monetary value of goods and services at current prices. 

Now the GDP and health of the economy can easily change with the staging of a large scale event. A huge upcoming event is the FIFA World Cup 2014 which will be held in Brazil. This event has crated quite a stir in the public as some are protesting about the large amount used for this instead of using it for the country and the people. Here is an article relating to the topic which gives a brief summary about the two sides arguing about the situation.

  

Brazil paying a high price as it prepares for World Cup 2014


An argument has risen between two kinds of people which are the empire-builders and the naysayersThe empire-builders are typically those people and organisations that have a vested interest in the success of an event like the World Cup. These can include consultants, sponsors, suppliers, hospitality partners, even some media. For them, the bigger an event looks, the better able they are to justify and explain their involvement in it.


This is especially the case if the sustainability of the core business in question depends on securing and successfully hosting sporting mega-events. At times, therefore, such people and organisations can be prone to making rather grandiose claims about the impact that sporting mega-events can have.
In the opposing corner, the naysayers often include academics and disgruntled pressure groups. They typically argue that event impacts are overestimated in the interest of big business, and that there is no compelling science to underpin the investments made in an event like the World Cup in Brazil.
Accurately identifying the economic impact of sporting events would require clear and consistent international standards of measurement. For the time being though, it is left for stakeholders to speculate and prevaricate, which often takes the debate in directions that are neither productive nor helpful.

Refer to this link for more of the article: http://theconversation.com/brazil-paying-a-high-price-as-it-prepares-for-world-cup-2014-15536

The article clearly shows the divide in the public of Brazil. The cost of hosting such a big event is very high. This high cost increases the government spending and this directly affects the GDP causing it to increase. If the GDP increases the shows that employment is also increasing which is a good thing. The increase in GDP also gives an increase in income for the country. 

Therefore in my opinion i would support the empire-builders but then again the GDP is never always accurate so opinions are always differentiated.



Written by : Umeshshanker Thulasaidas 

MONOPOLY

MONOPOLY

What is monopoly?

Based on economic, monopoly is an industry with a single company which produces product or offer services to customer which there are no close substitutes. This is because there is a barrier to entry which is actually preventing other firms to enter into the industry to compete for profit. There are actually few type of barrier entries, here are a few types of barriers to entry. 


Copyrights

Copyrights which is also known as patents are the legal restrictions that grant the exclusive use of the patented product or process to the firm. By having copyrights, monopolist is able to prevent other firms from entering the market to produce the same product.

Ownership of  scarce raw materials

If a firm have total ownership of scarce raw materials in a industry, it can be an effective barrier because other firms is unable to have the access of the scarce inputs because the owners of the scarce raw materials are the only one whom can gain the materials.

Economies of Scale

Economies of scale and other cost advantages are enjoyed by the existing firm that produces large output and at the same time, the larger firms are providing the advantage of having a lower average cost in production. 


Few example of a firm which is running by virtue of government directive in our country.




Tenaga Nasional Berhad which is the main electricity in Malaysia. Having a government directive, it prevents other firm form entering.

                       


Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor Sdn Bhd or better known as SYABAS is the main water supply in the states of Selangor and the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur. 




KTM Komuter is the first electric train service in Malaysia. It is also the main electric train service in the country.


Advantages and Disadvantages of Monopoly


Advantages

-High profits encourage risk takings.
-Profits can be used for investment.
-Existence of natural monopoly may prevent duplication of resources.


Disadvantages 

-Lack of competition may lead to higher costs.
-Lack of incentive to innovate.
-Inefficiency in social welfare.







Written by: Wong Zhan Meng








Long Run and Short Run Decisions

In a firm, there are two economic decisions that take place.  They are the long run and short run decisions.  

Long Run 

Long run (LR) is a period of time that is long enough for the firm to change all factors of production.

Long run decisions are not easily reversed.

Long run decisions involve ONLY variable factors.

An example of a long run decisions is  the KLIA (Kuala Lumpur International Airport) to expand its terminal and build KLIA 2. 

http://www.klia2.info/ 



(Digital image of KLIA 2)

As KLIA is a big firm in the airline business in Malaysia, the building of KLIA 2 to increase the amount of planes and customers. It is measures at 257 000 square meters, with 60 gates, 8 remote stands, and 80 aerobridges. It is designed to cater 45 million passengers a year. KLIA 2 is built at a cost of about RM 4 billion.

The construction of KLIA 2 is a long term decision as the terminal is to be used for a long time and after it is built, it cannot be easily undone. This will help in KLIA revenue as they can cater to more passengers than before.


Short Run 

Short run (SR) is a period of time over which one or more factors of production are fixed. 

Short run decisions are easily changed.

Short run decisions involved fixed cost AND variable cost. 

An example of short run decisions is when if KLIA decides to add a 100 new workers to an aircraft.


This is considered to be a short run decision as the crew has to paid a fixed amount of salary which is part of cost of production for KLIA.

Written by : Samuel Goh U-Wei

ELASTICITY

Price elasticity is a concept known for measuring the responsiveness of demand and supply quantities to the changes in price.



Elastic demand are commonly used when referred to the 'wants' of consumers. A small change in price may cause a drastic change in demand. For example, candy bars are an elastic demand. If the price of candy is around RM 1, most people will buy the candy and it will be high in demand. However, if that same candy bar's price rose up by RM 3, most people would rather not buy the candy as it is not a necessity. This is the graph of an elastic demand curve,



A real life example would be,



"LCD-TV Prices Increase as New Models Arrive and Promotions Fade" 
Overall the U.S. LCD-TV market is experiencing a softening in sales due to factors including seasonality, increasing prices for some key sizes and a slowdown in consumer uptake given the economic uncertainty. In July, retail inventories rose and stood at six weeks to nine weeks on average—considered somewhat, high for this time of the year. Brands and retailers, in order to fuel demand and the replacement cycle, will have to come up with aggressive promotions for the rest of the third quarter to generate excitement for the upcoming holiday season. (for more detail to the article, please refer to the link below)
Reference - http://www.isuppli.com/Display-Materials-and-Systems/News/Pages/LCD-TV-Prices-Increase-as-New-Models-Arrive-and-Promotions-Fade.aspx

As for inelastic demand, the quantity demanded by buyers do not change as much as the changes in price. Consumers will still continue to purchase the product with an inelastic demand even though the price has rose by a great amount. Let's put it this way, life-saving medication are expensive, but even if they are expensive, people will still buy them. Why? Well that obviously because it is clearly stated in the name, 'life-saving' medication, it saves lives! This is how an inelastic demand curve looks like, 



Here's a suitable real life example,
"The elasticity of oil production and consumption" 
The world oil market has become relatively inelastic in the sense that large increases in upstream investment no longer produce contemporaneous increases in supply. Even assuming there are no political obstacles,
cultural disruptions, weather problems, or geographical challenges to delay exploration and production, it still typically takes many years to develop a new oil field. (for more detail to the article, please refer to the link below)
 Reference - http://www.resilience.org/stories/2007-03-22/elasticity-oil-production-and-consumption

Written by : Brandon Yap